References

The bibliography supports the mathematical background and the application formulations discussed in this documentation. Use the links from each chapter to identify the result relevant to its assumptions. A theorem about the reference optimization problem does not by itself give an error bound for a finite-data Bézier fit.

Fitting, approximation and statistical behavior

Kobayashi et al. [KHS+19] introduces Bézier simplex fitting for Pareto fronts and its approximation perspective. Tanaka et al. [TSKH20] studies statistical risk. Optimal skeleton sampling extends its optimal sample ratio to every dimension and degree, and Theory of the skeleton risk proves the result, using the polynomial small-ball inequality of Carbery and Wright [CW01]. Read these alongside What is Bézier simplex fitting? and Cross-validation and degree search: expressiveness at a sufficiently large degree and accuracy from a particular finite sample are distinct questions.

Hikima et al. [HKT+25] concerns objective-based stochastic optimization of a Bézier representation. Its setting is discussed in Objective minimization; it should be distinguished from linear least-squares regression on known parameter-response pairs.

Topology and domain construction

Mizota et al. [MHI21] provides the unconstrained strongly convex results stated in What is Bézier simplex fitting?. Check smoothness, feasibility and objective assumptions before transferring a statement to a constrained application. Weak simpliciality permits a many-to-one parameterization; it is stronger to claim that the image is homeomorphic to a simplex.

Hamada [Ham20], Hamada and Goto [HG18] discuss topology assessment from data under their stated assumptions. A sampled picture or failure to detect a hole is not independently a proof of simplex topology.

For product cells and their faces, see Peltier et al. [PFL09], Peltier and Lienhardt [PL18] and the geometric introduction in Single and assembled domains. The mathematical continuation in The Category of Simploidal Sets uses the category-theory background of Mac Lane [ML98], Mac Lane and Moerdijk [MLM92].

Shape-preserving interpolation on simplicial meshes (Shape-preserving interpolation on simplicial meshes) uses the square part of the Fritsch–Carlson monotonicity region [FC80] to limit one-dimensional cubic Hermite segments. The default interpolant is C0, not generally C1. Supplying PCHIP slopes, with the Fritsch–Butland weighted harmonic mean at interior vertices [FB84] and PCHIP’s one-sided endpoint rule, recovers PCHIP up to float64 roundoff. Its face controls use the degree elevation of Bézier triangles described by Farin [Far02].

Application sources and reproducible examples

Each application links its formulation to relevant literature and names the script used for its figures. These scripts are small numerical illustrations of specified targets. Consult the page’s parameter range, validation set and feasibility checks when interpreting its reported error; a reference to a broader application does not make the toy experiment an implementation of that complete system.

Bibliography

[BDK21]

El Houcine Bergou, Youssef Diouane, and Vyacheslav Kungurtsev. Complexity iteration analysis for strongly convex multi-objective optimization using a newton path-following procedure. Optimization Letters, 15:1215–1227, 2021. doi:10.1007/s11590-020-01623-x.

[BS19]

Henri Bonnel and Corinne Schneider. Post-pareto analysis and a new algorithm for the optimal parameter tuning of the elastic net. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 183(3):993–1027, 2019. doi:10.1007/s10957-019-01592-x.

[BSK+07]

S Breedveld, P Storchi, M Keijzer, A Heemink, and B Heijmen. A novel approach to multi-criteria inverse planning for imrt. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2007.

[CW01]

Anthony Carbery and James Wright. Distributional and $L^q$ norm inequalities for polynomials over convex bodies in $\mathbb R^n$. Mathematical Research Letters, 8(3):233–248, 2001. URL: https://doi.org/10.4310/MRL.2001.v8.n3.a1.

[CT65]

Ray W. Clough and James L. Tocher. Finite element stiffness matrices for analysis of plate bending. In Proceedings of the Conference on Matrix Methods in Structural Mechanics, 515–545. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1965.

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Brian Day. On closed categories of functors. In Reports of the Midwest Category Seminar IV, volume 137 of Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 1–38. Springer, 1970.

[dWK]

Olivier de Weck and Il Yong Kim. Adaptive weighted sum method for multiobjective optimization. Submitted to Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization for Review.

[Far02]

Gerald Farin. Curves and Surfaces for CAGD: A Practical Guide. Morgan Kaufmann, 5 edition, 2002.

[FGranaDS09]

Jörg Fliege, L M Graña Drummond, and Benar Fux Svaiter. Newton's method for multiobjective optimization. SIAM Journal on Optimization, 20(2):602–626, 2009. doi:10.1137/08071692X.

[FB84]

Frederick N. Fritsch and J. Butland. A method for constructing local monotone piecewise cubic interpolants. SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, 5(2):300–304, 1984. doi:10.1137/0905021.

[FC80]

Frederick N. Fritsch and Ralph E. Carlson. Monotone piecewise cubic interpolation. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 17(2):238–246, 1980.

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Marco Grandis and Luca Mauri. Cubical sets and their site. Theory and Applications of Categories, 11(8):185–211, 2003.

[Ham20]

Naoki Hamada. 多目的最適化の解集合のトポロジーの検定法 (statistical test for the topology of solution sets in multi-objective optimization). In 日本応用数理学会2020年度年会講演予稿集 (Proceedings of the JSIAM Annual Meeting 2020). 2020.

[HG18]

Naoki Hamada and Keisuke Goto. Data-driven analysis of pareto set topology. In Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, 657–664. 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1145/3205455.3205613.

[HHI+20]

Naoki Hamada, Kenta Hayano, Shunsuke Ichiki, Yutaro Kabata, and Hiroshi Teramoto. Topology of pareto sets of strongly convex problems. SIAM Journal on Optimization, 30(3):2659–2686, 2020. doi:10.1137/19M1264175.

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[HKT+25]

Yasunari Hikima, Ken Kobayashi, Akinori Tanaka, Akiyoshi Sannai, and Naoki Hamada. Stochastic gradient descent for bézier simplex representation of pareto set in multi-objective optimization. In Proceedings of The 28th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, volume 258 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research. 2025. URL: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v258/hikima25a.html.

[Kau23]

Manuel Kauers. D-Finite Functions. Volume 30 of Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics. Springer, Cham, 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34652-1, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34652-1.

[Kir17]

Robert C. Kirby. Fast inversion of the simplicial Bernstein mass matrix. Numerische Mathematik, 135(1):73–95, 2017. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00211-016-0795-0.

[KHS+19]

Ken Kobayashi, Naoki Hamada, Akiyoshi Sannai, Aiko Tanaka, Kenichi Bannai, and Masashi Sugiyama. Bézier simplex fitting: describing pareto fronts of simplicial problems with small samples in multi-objective optimization. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, volume 33, 2304–2313. 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33012304.

[Kuh60]

Harold W. Kuhn. Some combinatorial lemmas in topology. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 4(5):518–524, 1960.

[ML98]

Saunders Mac Lane. Categories for the Working Mathematician. Volume 5 of Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Springer, 2 edition, 1998.

[MLM92]

Saunders Mac Lane and Ieke Moerdijk. Sheaves in Geometry and Logic: A First Introduction to Topos Theory. Universitext. Springer, 1992.

[Mar52]

Harry Markowitz. Portfolio selection. The Journal of Finance, 7(1):77–91, 1952. doi:10.2307/2975974.

[Mau95]

Joseph M. Maubach. Local bisection refinement for $n$-simplicial grids generated by reflection. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 16(1):210–227, 1995.

[MHI21]

Yuto Mizota, Naoki Hamada, and Shunsuke Ichiki. All unconstrained strongly convex problems are weakly simplicial. 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.12704, arXiv:2106.12704.

[PFL09]

Samuel Peltier, Laurent Fuchs, and Pascal Lienhardt. Simploidal sets: definitions, operations and comparison with simplicial sets. Discrete Applied Mathematics, 157(3):542–557, 2009.

[PL18]

Samuel Peltier and Pascal Lienhardt. Simploidal sets: a data structure for handling simploidal bézier spaces. Computer Aided Geometric Design, 62:44–62, 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cagd.2018.03.010.

[Qi]

Houduo Qi. Optimal portfolio selections via l1,2-norm regularization. URL: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/451606/1/mvpl12_for_PURE.pdf.

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Maria-Cecilia Rivara. Algorithms for refining triangular grids suitable for adaptive and multigrid techniques. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 20(4):745–756, 1984.

[TSKH20]

Aiko Tanaka, Akiyoshi Sannai, Ken Kobayashi, and Naoki Hamada. Asymptotic risk of bézier simplex fitting. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, volume 34, 2416–2424. 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i03.5622.

[TSR+05]

Robert Tibshirani, Michael Saunders, Saharon Rosset, Ji Zhu, and Keith Knight. Sparsity and smoothness via the fused lasso. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 67(1):91–108, 2005.

[YYLM21]

Dongxiang Yan, He Yin, Tao Li, and Chengbin Ma. A two-stage scheme for both power allocation and ev charging coordination in a grid tied pv-battery charging station. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2021. doi:10.1109/TII.2021.3054417.

[YL06]

Ming Yuan and Yi Lin. Model selection and estimation in regression with grouped variables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 68(1):49–67, 2006.